Short-Chain Fatty Acids: A Comprehensive Review On Balancing Health Benefits And Risks In Metabolic Disorders

Abstract

Obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders are among the many diseases that are mostly regulated by short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs]. SCFAs, which are mostly formed by the gut microbiota fermenting dietary fiber, have both positive and negative health consequences. Their role in energy balance and adipose tissue metabolism, which affects insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and the release of hunger-controlling hormones like ghrelin and leptin, makes them crucial in obesity. However, increased levels of SCFA, especially acetate and propionate, may lead to increased fat storage and weight gain in animal models.  SCFAs increase insulin secretion and glucose absorption, which improves glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in the treatment of diabetes via stimulating gut hormones like GLP-1.  Conversely, high butyrate levels have been linked to inflammation and insulin resistance. In addition to metabolic issues, SCFAs influence the development of cardiovascular diseases, colon cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease through the control of immune responses and gut inflammation. Therefore, abnormalities in the synthesis of SCFAs may have adverse effects even if they have the potential to be metabolic modulators.  This highlights the need for additional study to elucidate their mechanisms and enhance therapeutic strategies that focus on the gut microbiota's activities.  A feasible route to improved management and preventative strategies is provided by the complex link between SCFAs and illness.